Saturday, June 28, 2014

Revelation 5 - The Sealed Scroll and the Lion-Lamb

(1) And I saw a scroll in the right hand of the one who was sitting on the throne. There was writing on the inside and the outside of the scroll, and it was sealed with seven seals.

  • Scroll:
    • Some expositors believe that this scroll is the title-deed to the earth and it describes the events that prepare the earth to receive its rightful owner. If so, then what was lost by Adam when he sinned in the end is reclaimed and redeemed by Jesus Christ.
    • "God has absolute control of all future history and everything that happens in it. The scroll contains God's plans for the future: the struggles and victories of the gospel as well as the judgments on those who reject it. The opening of the seals is the course of history leading up to the end. And the rest of the scroll is the story of the end of the world and the final triumph of God's kingdom." - John Piper
    • Ezekiel 2:9-10, 3:1-4: Then I looked and saw a hand reaching out to me, and it held a scroll. He unrolled it, and I saw that both sides were covered with funeral songs, other words of sorrow, and pronouncements of doom. ... The voice said to me, "Son of man, eat what I am giving you -- eat this scroll! Then go and give its message to the people of Israel." So I opened my mouth, and he fed me the scroll. "Eat it all," he said. And when I ate it, it tasted as sweet as honey. Then he said, "Son of man, go to the people of Israel with my messages.
  • In the right hand:
    • Greek: "lying upon the right hand." His right hand was open and on it lay the book. He's not holding onto with a tight fist and someone has to wrest it from his hand but God is holding it out for someone to take it and open it.
  • Writing:
    • We're not told what is actually written on the scroll! Perhaps, that's for us to read in heaven.
  • Inside and outside:
    • Both sides of a scroll were seldom written on because one side was usually rough and uneven. Normally, only one side was smoothed for writing. When both sides of a scroll were written on, it was an indication of a full and important message. Sometimes, on the outside would be listed the names of the witnesses or the purpose of the scroll or its title.
  • Sealed:
    • Daniel 12:4: But you, Daniel, keep this prophecy a secret; seal up the book until the time of the end. Many will rush here and there, and knowledge will increase."
    • When a scroll was finished, it was fastened with strings and the strings were sealed with wax at the knots. There are seven strings sealed with wax around the scroll.
    • Since, according to chapter six, the seals were broken one after another, the scroll must have been sealed at seven different places as it had been rolled up.
  • Seven seals:
    • A will had to be witnessed and sealed by seven witnesses – the seven fold Spirit of God present before the throne (Revelation 4:5). The will could be executed only upon the death of the testator. Thus, by virtue of his death for his people, the seven seals contained in the scroll are to be opened by the Lamb who is the author, and who was slain and reckoned worthy to execute it.
    • A Roman will had seven seals. Those seven seals spoke of seven witnesses to that will, and each put their own personal individual seal on each of the seven seals. When the will was opened and read, each of those seven witnesses had to loose their own seal before the will could be executed. That way, when the scroll would actually be opened, the living witnesses could bear that information as true and not a forgery. The wills left by Augustus and Vespasian for their successors were sealed with seven seals in this manner.
    • Additionally, in ancient times, title deeds to property contained seven seals. In order to take possession of property, all seven seals needed to be opened.
    • We have already seen the seven churches and now there are the seven seals. These are followed by seven trumpets, and then seven vials -- or bowls, of the wrath of God. In chapter six, we will read about the beginning of this period of seven years which, the prophet Daniel tells us, is going to be the culmination of history, toward which all the events of our present day are moving.

(2) And I saw a strong angel, who shouted with a loud voice: "Who is worthy to break the seals on this scroll and unroll it?"

  • Strong angel:
    • Revelation 10:1: Then I saw another mighty angel coming down from heaven, surrounded by a cloud, with a rainbow over his head. His face shone like the sun, and his feet were like pillars of fire.
    • Revelation 18:21: Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder as large as a great millstone. He threw it into the ocean and shouted, "Babylon, the great city, will be thrown down as violently as I have thrown away this stone, and she will disappear forever.
    • Who is the strong angel making the challenge? He may be Gabriel, the one who ordered the closing and sealing of the book to Daniel.
  • Worthy - Greek ἄξιος (axios) :
    • The term axios - worthy is a commercial term relating to the use of a pair of scales. Something is put on one side of the scales and what is put on the other is equal. Here, it is the incomparable value of the sinless Savior. Only Jesus is worthy - no one else in heaven or earth measures up or is eligible!
    • Axios is also used in the following verses where we are called to walk worthy:
      • Ephesians 4:1: Therefore I, a prisoner for serving the Lord, beg you to lead a life worthy of your calling, for you have been called by God.
      • Philippians 1:27: But whatever happens to me, you must live in a manner worthy of the Good News about Christ, as citizens of heaven. Then, whether I come and see you again or only hear about you, I will know that you are standing side by side, fighting together for the Good News.
      • Colossians 1:10 KJV: That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God;
      • 1 Thessalonians 2:12: We pleaded with you, encouraged you, and urged you to live your lives in a way that God would consider worthy. For he called you into his Kingdom to share his glory.
      • 2 Thessalonians 1:5: But God will use this persecution to show his justice. For he will make you worthy of his Kingdom, for which you are suffering
      • 2 Thessalonians 1:11: ... Wherefore also we pray always for you, that our God would count you worthy of this calling, and fulfil all the good pleasure of his goodness, and the work of faith with power:
    • Axios is also used in the following verses:
      • Matthew 10:11,13: Whenever you enter a city or village, search for a worthy man and stay in his home until you leave for the next town. ... If it turns out to be a worthy home, let your blessing stand; if it is not, take back the blessing.
      • Matthew 10:37-38: If you love your father or mother more than you love me, you are not worthy of being mine; or if you love your son or daughter more than me, you are not worthy of being mine. If you refuse to take up your cross and follow me, you are not worthy of being mine.
      • Matthew 22:8: And he said to his servants, 'The wedding feast is ready, and the guests I invited aren't worthy of the honor.
      • Luke 15:21: His son said to him, 'Father, I have sinned against both heaven and you, and I am no longer worthy of being called your son. '
      • Acts 5:41: The apostles left the high council rejoicing that God had counted them worthy to suffer dishonor for the name of Jesus.
      • Acts 13:25: As John was finishing his ministry he asked, 'Do you think I am the Messiah? No! But he is coming soon -- and I am not even worthy to be his slave. '
      • Romans 16:2: Receive her in the Lord, as one who is worthy of high honor. Help her in every way you can, for she has helped many in their needs, including me.
      • Hebrews 11:38 KJV: (Of whom the world was not worthy:) they wandered in deserts, and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth.
      • Revelation 3:4: "Yet even in Sardis there are some who have not soiled their garments with evil deeds. They will walk with me in white, for they are worthy.
    • The emphasis is not on the content of the scroll, but on its seals and the One who is worthy to take it.
    • "God is a God of love because he will not open the seals of history without the hands of a Savior." - John Piper

(3) But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll and read it.

  • No one:
    • This shows the total inability of angels or humans to bring about the will of God! Rebellion has affected them all! Creation cannot help itself! No one is worthy!
  • Able:
    • The Greek word here is dunamai (power and authority) from which we get our word "dynamite."

(4) Then I wept because no one could be found who was worthy to open the scroll and read it.

  • Wept:
    • "If there is no one found who is worthy to open the scroll, then there will be no triumph for the gospel, no marriage supper with the Lamb, no new heaven and new earth, no eternal life. Only weeping. Therefore, Jesus Christ is utterly necessary for every one of us. He alone is worthy to open the seals and execute the final decrees of God." - John Piper
  • Open ... and read:
    • He must not only break all seven seals, he must be able to read it and act up what's in the scroll!

(5) But one of the twenty-four elders said to me, "Stop weeping! Look, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the heir to David's throne, has conquered. He is worthy to open the scroll and break its seven seals."

  • Twenty-four elders:
    • Revelation 4:4: Twenty-four thrones surrounded him, and twenty-four elders sat on them. They were all clothed in white and had gold crowns on their heads.
  • Lion of the tribe of Judah:
    • The word lion is only once applied to Christ in this book.
    • "The Lion of the tribe of Judah" and "the heir to David's throne" are both Jewish titles. They refer to prophecies from the Old Testament that predict there would be one from the tribe of Judah and from the family of David who would at last rule over the earth and solve its problems. These titles refer, then, to the King of the Jews -- the very title which Pilate inscribed on the Cross of Jesus. The King of the Jews! He is the One who triumphs by his death and is able to bring about God's kingdom on the earth. But -- when John turns to see the conquering Lion of Judah, what he sees is the slain Redeemer of the world!
    • "What sort of Lion was he? He was a Lamb-like Lion. The Lion of Judah conquered because he was willing to act the part of a Lamb. He came into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday like a King on the way to a throne, and he went out of Jerusalem on Good Friday like a Lamb on the way to the slaughter. He drove out the robbers from the Temple like a Lion devouring its prey. And then at the end of the week he gave his majestic neck to the knife, and they slaughtered the Lion of Judah like a Lamb. So he conquered sin and death and Satan not just because he was a Lion, but because he was a Lamb-like Lion." - John Piper
    • Genesis 49:9-10: Judah is a young lion that has finished eating its prey. Like a lion he crouches and lies down; like a lioness -- who will dare to rouse him? The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from his descendants, until the coming of the one to whom it belongs, the one whom all nations will obey.
  • Heir to David's throne:
    • Revelation 22:16: "I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this message for the churches. I am both the source of David and the heir to his throne. I am the bright morning star."
  • Conquered:
    • He conquered at the cross! Same word as "victorious" ("overcomer" in the KJV) in chapters 2 and 4 - nikao.
    • John 16:33: I have told you all this so that you may have peace in me. Here on earth you will have many trials and sorrows. But take heart, because I have overcome the world.”
    • Notice that the Lion conquered not by His power, but by His sacrifice.
    • Revelation 17:14: Together they will wage war against the Lamb, but the Lamb will defeat them because he is Lord over all lords and King over all kings, and his people are the called and chosen and faithful ones."
  • He is worthy:
    • "In verse 5, the reason the Lion of Judah can open the scroll is that he has conquered. In verse 9, the reason he can open the scroll is because he was slain and by his blood ransomed men for God. In other words, his right to open the scroll is owing to the fact that he ransomed people for God by his death, and this ransoming was the victory referred to in verse 5." - John Piper
    • Only the heir could open the will.
      • Hebrews 1:2 KJV: Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds;

(6) I looked and I saw a Lamb that had been killed but was now standing between the throne and the four living beings and among the twenty-four elders. He had seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God that are sent out into every part of the earth.

  • Lamb:
    • Christ is referred to as “the Lamb” at least 30 times in Revelation.
    • The word used here for "lamb" is the Greek arnion. The regular word for lamb is arnon. Arnion is the diminutive form and means “little Lamb,” but it came to be used as a term of endearment. The sacrificial lambs were not just lambs taken out of the flock, but those which had often been brought into the home, cared for and loved and were like pets. It expresses God’s love for His Son and what it cost Him to give Him for us.
    • The lion is a picture of strength and majesty, but this "little lamb" was meek and gentle.
    • By Jesus’ time, the Jews had determined from Scripture that there were two distinct pictures of the Messiah. One was called “The Suffering Servant” as symbolized by the life and character of Joseph, the other called “The Conquering King” as symbolized by the life and character of David. However, they did not fully realize this was speaking of one Messiah but two separate comings. When Jesus first arrived as “The Suffering Servant” – what is pictured in Revelation as “a Lamb standing, as if slain” – He was largely rejected because the people wanted instead to immediately experience “The Conquering King”, what is pictured in Revelation as “the Lion that is from the tribe of Judah”. The “Lamb” has to come before the “Lion”. The Jews overlooked the Lamb instead wanting to go directly to the Lion.
    • This uniting of the Lion and the Lamb is the basis for C. S. Lewis' novels called "The Narnia Chronicles." A great lion, Aslan, rules in majesty and roars in triumph, but he does so because he submits to being put to death by the evil characters controlled by the White Witch, but at last the kingdom of Narnia is freed from its bondage to winter and the springtime of the world arrives.
    • Isaiah 53:7: He was oppressed and treated harshly, yet he never said a word. He was led as a lamb to the slaughter. And as a sheep is silent before the shearers, he did not open his mouth.
    • John 1:29: The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, "Look! There is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!
    • 1 Peter 1:19: He paid for you with the precious lifeblood of Christ, the sinless, spotless Lamb of God.
  • Killed:
    • Literally, “as slaughtered.” This Greek verb, sfazw, was used especially of victims for sacrifice.
    • The Lamb still had the marks of  crucifixion. The word "Lamb" occurs 29 times in  Revelation referring to Jesus' sacrificial death for our sins (John 1:29). Lions tend to conquer and lambs tend to surrender. The Lamb refers to Jesus' first coming and the Lion refers to His Second Coming. As a Lion, He will bring the purpose of creation and history to fulfillment.
    • His death was carried out literally as foretold in Isaiah, chapter 53, and in many other predictions.
    • As if now in the act of being offered. This is very remarkable; so important is the sacrificial offering of Christ in the sight of God that he is still represented as being in the very act of pouring out his blood for the offenses of man. This gives great advantage to faith; when any soul comes to the throne of grace, he finds a sacrifice there provided for him to offer to God. Thus all succeeding generations find they have the continual sacrifice ready, and the newly-shed blood to offer.” (Clarke)
  • Standing:
    • John sees a lamb that had been slain, yet this same lamb is also standing - the lamb had been "resurrected".
    • According to Hebrews 7:25, The Lord Jesus Christ is presently seated at the right hand of the Father making intercession for us; but John in this scene sees Jesus standing (as had also Stephen).
  • Between ... among:
    • Literally, in the middle of the throne and of the four living creatures, and in the middle of the elders.
  • Seven horns:
    • The Lamb had seven horns representing His complete power - ALL power. The horn is a common Old Testament symbol for power or strength, and it came to represent kingly authority. Thus, the Lamb is the all powerful warrior and king.
  • Seven eyes:
    • The Lamb also had seven eyes representing the fullness of His divine wisdom and discernment. His eyes are the seven Spirits of God. That is, they communicate to Christ all that transpires. The Lamb is omniscient as well as omnipotent.
    • 2 Chronicles 16:9a: The eyes of the LORD search the whole earth in order to strengthen those whose hearts are fully committed to him....
    • Zechariah 4:2-10b: ...these seven lamps represent the eyes of the LORD that search all around the world."

(7) He stepped forward and took the scroll from the right hand of the one sitting on the throne.

  • Took:
    • This symbolizes a transfer of authority from the Father to the Son to reveal the future and to execute judgment.
    • Daniel 7:13-14 is a parallel passage. There, Daniel reveals the ultimate triumph of Christ when the kingdoms of the world are given to Christ:
      • Daniel 7:13-14: As my vision continued that night, I saw someone who looked like a man coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient One and was led into his presence. He was given authority, honor, and royal power over all the nations of the world, so that people of every race and nation and language would obey him. His rule is eternal -- it will never end. His kingdom will never be destroyed.
        • John and Daniel describe the same scene. That the Lamb is worthy enables him to approach God’s throne and open the scroll and its seals.

(8) And as he took the scroll, the four living beings and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harp, and they held gold bowls filled with incense -- the prayers of God's people!

  • As he took the scroll:
    • Lehman Strauss worded this great event in his Revelation commentary:
      • “When the Lamb with the death wounds in His body stood up, turned to the throne of Him who held the book in His right hand, and took the book, every redeemed person-millions of them-burst into a song that never had been sung before. This act of the Lion-Lamb guaranteed the subjection of this wicked earth including Babylon, Antichrist, the dragon, and the host of others who spurned the love of God as it was shown in the sacrifice of the Lord Jesus Christ. Because He died the death of the cross to pay the debt of sin, Christ had every right to take the book and thus complete the work of redemption by rescuing this forfeited earth from the dominion of the devil. He can claim the title deed because He both created the world and redeemed it. Little wonder all the redeemed of all ages took their harps and played and sang the praises of the Redeemer! The odor of this united praise to the Lamb filled Heaven with a sweet fragrance.”
  • Harp:
    • Psalm 150:3-5: Praise him with a blast of the trumpet; praise him with the lyre and harp! Praise him with the tambourine and dancing; praise him with stringed instruments and flutes! Praise him with a clash of cymbals; praise him with loud clanging cymbals.
  • Incense -- prayers:
    • The bowls of incense represent the prayers of God's people, which they have presented to Him, and which He, in the time of the Tribulation, answers. No prayer ever goes unanswered but in His own time and way God fulfills every petition.
    • Psalm 141:2: Accept my prayer as incense offered to you, and my upraised hands as an evening offering.
    • Luke 1:10: As was the custom of the priests, he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary and burn incense in the Lord's presence. While the incense was being burned, a great crowd stood outside, praying.
    • Revelation 8:3-4: Then another angel with a gold incense burner came and stood at the altar. And a great quantity of incense was given to him to mix with the prayers of God's people, to be offered on the gold altar before the throne. The smoke of the incense, mixed with the prayers of the saints, ascended up to God from the altar where the angel had poured them out.

(9) And they sang a new song with these words: "You are worthy to take the scroll and break its seals and open it. For you were killed, and your blood has ransomed people for God from every tribe and language and people and nation.

  • New song:
    • Psalm 33:3: Sing new songs of praise to him; play skillfully on the harp and sing with joy.
    • Revelation 14:3: This great choir sang a wonderful new song in front of the throne of God and before the four living beings and the twenty-four elders. And no one could learn this song except those 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth
    • This new song is in Psalm 96-99:
      • Psalm 96:1-2: Sing a new song to the LORD! Let the whole earth sing to the LORD! Sing to the LORD; bless his name. Each day proclaim the good news that he saves.
      • Psalm 98:1: A psalm. Sing a new song to the LORD, for he has done wonderful deeds. He has won a mighty victory by his power and holiness. ... Sing your praise to the LORD with the harp, with the harp and melodious song, with trumpets and the sound of the ram's horn. Make a joyful symphony before the LORD, the King! Let the sea and everything in it shout his praise! Let the earth and all living things join in. Let the rivers clap their hands in glee! Let the hills sing out their songs of joy
  • You are worthy:
    • Roman Emperors were celebrated upon their arrival with the Latin expression vere dignus, which is translated "You are worthy". Here, the true Ruler of the world is welcomed and honored.
  • Ransomed
    • = "redeemed." Greek agorzzo. Always translated "buy" in the KJV except here and 14:3-4.
    • The word "ransomed" means paid. The basic idea is to purchase in the market. Jesus paid for all sins of all time, past, present and future. There is no more suffering that needs to be suffered for sins. His death effectively satisfied God's demands for payment for sins. That payment is a completed fact.
    • "The word redeem is a powerful word that has the meaning in that culture of an individual being bought out of the slave market. In the ancient world, slavery and slave auctions were common practice. Auctioneers would put shackled slaves up on a pedestal and interested buyers would stand around and make bids. And herein is the mystery of the gospel….God The Father sent His only begotten Son to redeem shackled sinners like you and me from the debt and slavery of sin. God Himself was manifest in the flesh in The Person of His Son Jesus Christ to redeem sinful, brokenhearted, crushed, discouraged and downcast sinners. Jesus Christ has redeemed us to set us free from the slave market of sin. He has redeemed us to set us free from the allurements and attractions of this fallen world system and death. Jesus Christ came to set the captives free, and whom The Son sets free is free indeed. He comes to all and any that are in this condition today and bids us to surrender ourselves fully to Him." (Ray Viola)

(10) And you have caused them to become God's Kingdom and his priests. And they will reign on the earth."

  • Priests:
    • 1 Peter 2:5,9: And now God is building you, as living stones, into his spiritual temple. What's more, you are God's holy priests, who offer the spiritual sacrifices that please him because of Jesus Christ. ... But you are not like that, for you are a chosen people. You are a kingdom of priests, God's holy nation, his very own possession. This is so you can show others the goodness of God, for he called you out of the darkness into his wonderful light.
    • “When a fellow comes forward in all sorts of curious garments, and says he is a priest, the poorest child of God may say, ‘Stand away, and don’t interfere with my office: I am a priest; I know not what you may be. You surely must be a priest of Baal, for the only mention of the word vestments in Scripture is in connection with the temple of Baal.’ The priesthood belongs to all the saints.” (Spurgeon)

(11) Then I looked again, and I heard the singing of thousands and millions of angels around the throne and the living beings and the elders.

  • Thousands and millions:
    • = Myriads of myriads. Hebraism for countless numbers.
    • Daniel 7:10: and a river of fire flowed from his presence. Millions of angels ministered to him, and a hundred million stood to attend him. Then the court began its session, and the books were opened.

(12) And they sang in a mighty chorus: "The Lamb is worthy -- the Lamb who was killed. He is worthy to receive power and riches and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and blessing."

  • They sang:
    • I've often been advised by my wife to just "mouth it" when singing in church because I can't carry a tune and sound terrible. BUT, the day is coming when I will be able to sing praises to Him with a  beautiful voice!
  • Seven things He is to receive
    1. Power: The slain Lamb is to receive "power." He has the inherent power to do what He does.
    2. Riches: Jesus is to receive "riches." Jesus possesses the resources necessary to give grace. The entire universe belongs to Him.
    3. Wisdom: He is to receive "wisdom." He has the insight to understand what He needs to do.
    4. Strength: He is to receive "strength." He can overcome and execute His will. He has been endowed with power because of His work on the cross.
    5. Honor: Jesus is to receive "honor." He deserves public distinction.
    6. Glory: Jesus should receive "glory." He manifests God in all His essence.
    7. Blessing: Jesus is to receive "blessing." Jesus uses His assets to bless others. He is a giver. He does not clasp His possessions to Himself.

(13) And then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and in the sea. They also sang: "Blessing and honor and glory and power belong to the one sitting on the throne and to the Lamb forever and ever."

  • Creature:
    • Romans 8:22-23: For we know that all creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. And even we Christians, although we have the Holy Spirit within us as a foretaste of future glory, also groan to be released from pain and suffering. We, too, wait anxiously for that day when God will give us our full rights as his children, including the new bodies he has promised us.
    • Philippians 2:9-11: Because of this, God raised him up to the heights of heaven and gave him a name that is above every other name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
  • Sitting:
    • The "lamb" was seen by John as "standing"; now, he's pictured as "sitting"! One who is "standing" is standing up to act. One who is "sitting" has accomplished all necessary and is now "sitting" in a position of authority and power.
    • Revelation 4:2: And instantly I was in the Spirit, and I saw a throne in heaven and someone sitting on it!

(14) And the four living beings said, "Amen!" And the twenty-four elders fell down and worshiped God and the Lamb.

  • Heaven is now ready by worship for the events of the Tribulation (chapters 6-19).
  • In heaven, there is worship, contentment and bliss. On earth, there is going to be terrible tribulation.
  • These chapters (4-5) present heaven, God's dwelling place, as a real place. John saw God receiving great honor there surrounded by innumerable angelic worshipers. Even though John saw a vision, it was a vision of something that truly exists.
  • Worshiped God and the Lamb:
    • “Now if Jesus Christ were not properly GOD this would be idolatry, as it would be giving to the creature what belongs to the Creator.” (Clarke)
    • “There cannot be the slightest doubt that the Lamb is to be reckoned with God and as God.” (Morris)
    • “Depend upon it, my hearer, you never will go to heaven unless you are prepared to worship Jesus Christ as God. They are all doing it there: you will have to come to it, and if you entertain the notion that he is a mere man, or that he is anything less than God, I am afraid you will have to begin at the beginning and learn what true religion means. You have a poor foundation to rest upon. I could not trust my soul with a mere man, or believe in an atonement made by a mere man: I must see God himself putting his hand to so gigantic a work.” (Spurgeon)
    • Paul said to go to heaven and be with Christ is "far better" (Philippians 1:23). Not just better--far better.  The most important thing about heaven is that we will meet the Lamb who is "worthy." The object of praise in heaven is the death of Christ for our sin. That is what summons these songs of praise in this chapter.
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